Главная Security Index Yearbook 2026-2027 by PIR&MGIMO Vol.2 Global Edition ANNEXES ANNEX 1. LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, AND TABLES LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. World’s top 10 leading economies (2020-2024)
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 2. The Ranking of the World’s Top-10 Militaries (as of 2025)
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 3. A chart of Ukraine’s main donors (as of October 2025)
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 4. Estimated Global Nuclear Warhead Inventories Over Time
Source: Status of World Nuclear Forces, 2025, Federation of American Scientists (https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/)

Figure 5. Selected nuclear stockpiles over 2010-2025
Source: Status of World Nuclear Forces, 2025 // Federation of American Scientists (Adapted from the data: https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/)

Figure 6. Russia-France-UK trilateral nuclear balance

Figure 7. Hypersonic weapons effects
Compiled by the author based on open sources

Figure 8. Artificial intelligence effects
Compiled by the author based on open sources

Figure 9. “The Security Equation”
Compiled by the author based on selected Russian official statements

Figure 10. Key elements of the NPT Regime
Source: PIR Center

Figure 11. Cartoon “AUKUS is the elephant in the room for global nonproliferation efforts”
Source: Xinhua

Figure 12. Publications from leading global news agencies and think tanks on the possible expansion of the “nuclear club” (press clipping, 2024-2025)
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 13. If Japan had nuclear weapons, what should it do with them? (as of July 2025, 1200 respondents, %)
Based on: Red Cross Japan (https://www.jrc.or.jp/press/2025/0729_048166.html)

Figure 14. Should Türkiye obtain nuclear weapons? (as of July, 2025. 2 000 respondents in Türkiye, %)
Based on: Middle East Eye (https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/most-turks-say-turkey-should-obtain-nuclear-weapons-poll)

Figure 15. Taleghan 2 (as of September 27, 2025)
Source: Institute for Science and International Security (https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/taleghan-2-pre-and-post-strike-assessment)

Figure 16. Construction work at the Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center near the city of Dimona (Israel).
Source: open data

Figure 17. The United States Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative, SDI) Program proposed by President Reagan in 1983
Source: NASA Watch (https://nasawatch.com/trumpspace/back-to-the-future-sdi-2-0/)

Figure 18. The future number of catastrophic collisions in Earth orbit
Source: ESA Space Environment Report 2025 (https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/ESA_Space_Environment_Report_2025)

Figure 19. Timeline of the development of major space policies
Source: Space Ambition Initiative (https://spaceambition.substack.com/p/international-agreements-isru)

Figure 20. The Russian Federation Score on cybersecurity issues (out of maximum 20 points per pillar), as of the end of 2024
Source: ITU Global Cybersecurity Index (https://www.itu.int/epublications/publication/global-cybersecurity-index-2024)

Figure 21. Overlap of having a National Cybersecurity Strategy (NCS) with an action plan and conducting national cybersecurity audits
Source: ITU Global Cybersecurity Index, 2024 (https://www.itu.int/epublications/publication/global-cybersecurity-index-2024)

Figure 22. Estimated annual cost of cybercrime worldwide (in trillion US dollars)
Based on: Statista
Source: https://www.statista.com/topics/13546/cybercrime-worldwide

Figure 23. United Nations Convention against Cybercrime
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 24. Decision-making scheme for the liquidation of a target in the Gaza Strip (using Lavender and Gospel AI Systems)
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 25. Artificial Intelligence in Military Market Size, 2023-2034 Forecast ($, billions)
Source: Global Market Insights (https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/artificial-intelligence-in-military-market)

Figure 26. AI Powered Attacks on IoT Devices (simplified diagram)
Source: Karthik V. The Rise of AI Powered Attacks on IoT Devices, 2025

Figure 27. Key Principles of the Eurasian Charter
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 28. The OSCE Decalogue of principles, the 1975 Helsinki Final Act
Adapted from the data: Dessi A. The Search for Stability in Libya: OSCE’s Role Between Internal Obstacles and External Challenges, 2018 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326328513)

Figure 29. Global Expectation of Trump’s Presidency (% of thinking Donald Trump will be good/bad President, selected countries, 2017).
Based on: Statista (https://www.statista.com/chart/7750/global-expectations-of-trumps-presidency/)

Figure 30. Global Expectation of Trump’s Presidency (% of thinking Donald Trump will be good/bad President, selected countries, 2025)
Based on: Open-Source Surveys (https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/06/11/confidence-in-trump/)

Figure 31. Dynamics of imports and exports in trade between Russia and the USA from 2010 to 2024 (nominal indicators, without taking into account seasonal fluctuations)
Based on: United States Census Bureau (https://www.census.gov/)

Figure 32. Support for Increased Sanctions against Russia (% of support, as of July 2025)
Based on: Chicago Council on Global Affairs (https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/dramatic-rise-republican-support-ukraine)

Figure 33. Publications from leading global News Agencies dedicated to the summit in Alaska. August 15, 2025 (press clipping)
Based on open sources

Figure 34. Trade turnover between Russia and China (2015-2025), $ billions.
Compiled by the author based on open sources

Figure 35. Frequency of mentions of key topics from the “security” block in speeches by Russian and Chinese officials, 2020-2025 (on a 5-point scale, where 1 = very rarely mentioned; 2 = periodically mentioned; 3 = mentioned relatively often; 4 = mentioned frequently; 5 = mentioned very often)
Compiled by the author based on open sources

Figure 36. Number of meetings between CPC representatives and representatives of parliamentary parties in Russia (2020-2025)
Compiled by the author based on open sources [19]

Figure 37. Results of a sociological survey of Russians about China and Russian-Chinese relations (comparison of results from 2005 and 2024), 1,600 respondents, %
Compiled by: VCIOM
Source:
https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/russkii-s-kitaicem-bratja-navek
https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/kitaj-dlya-rossii-partner-ili-konkurent

Figure 38. What is the basis for relations between China and Russia? (public opinion poll, June 2025), 1002 respondents, %
Adapted from the data: Chicago Council on Global Affairs
Source: https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/friends-benefits-chinese-see-russia-and-north-korea-beijings-closest

Figure 39. Poll: “Do you agree that supporting Russia in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is in China’s national interests?”, 2022. 4866 respondents, %
Adapted from the data: INDSR
Source: https://indsr.org.tw/respublicationcon?uid=12&resid=1889&pid=2227

Figure 40. Countries with the highest share of deaths by terrorism, %
Source: Statista (https://www.statista.com/statistics/377061/countries-with-the-highest-number-of-deaths-by-terrorism/)

Figure 41. Hormuz Peace Endeavor (HOPE)
Adapted from the data: Dessi A., Colombo S. Fostering a New Security Architecture in the Middle East / FEPS-IAI, Rome: Nuova Cultura, 2020 (updated as of 2025)

Figure 42. Trade trends between Russia and DPRK from 2001 to 2024, billion dollars
Based on: open sources

Figure 43. Opinions on the perceived benefits of unification with North Korea among South Koreans from 2014 to 2024 (Face-to-face interview, 2000 respondents), %
Source: Statista (https://www.statista.com/statistics/708152/south-korea-expectation-on-benefit-from-korean-reunification/)

Figure 44. Strategic network diagram of Russia-North Korea and Related Nations
Source: Hassan Jubair, Mithela Mehenaz. Russia-North Korea Strategic Alliance., p.4

Figure 45. Positions of African states in the cyber readiness rating (maximum score – 100)
Based on: GCI-2020, GCI-2024
https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-GCI.01-2021-PDF-E.pdf
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Documents/GCIv5/2401416_1b_Global-Cybersecurity-Index-E.pdf

Figure 46. Number of African countries by cybersecurity capabilities level (tier-based model), as of 2025
Based on: ITU (https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Documents/GCIv5/2401416_1b_Global-Cybersecurity-Index-E.pdf)

Figure 47. Share of national startups in the African FinTech-market (African companies only), as of 2025, %
Completed by the author based on open sources

Figure 48. Number of satellites launched by African countries (TOP 10, as of 2025)
Based on: Space Hubs Africa (https://spacehubs.africa/regions)

Figure 49. The phases of nuclear programmes according to the IAEA Milestones Approach
Source: AIEA, 2025 (https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/p15896-PAT-011_web.pdf)

Figure 50. Akademik Lomonosov FNPP: an overview
Complied by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 51. Fuel mix in Energy system of Egypt in 2030 (according to “Egypt Vision 2030”)
Based on: “Egypt Vision 2030” (https://mped.gov.eg/Files/Egypt_Vision_2030_EnglishDigitalUse.pdf)

Figure 52. South Africa Power Unity Plans to Wind Down Coal (Forecast generation capacity mix for Escom to increase renewables), GW
Based on: Energy Connects (https://www.energyconnects.com/news/renewables/2025/august/south-africa-s-eskom-seeks-solar-buyers-in-shift-away-from-coal/)

Figure 53. Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) in the Sahel region
Based on: Situation Sahel Crisis (UNHCR) (https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/sahelcrisis)

Figure 54. Cartoon by Tanzanian artist Meddy Jumanna ‘Exit from ECOWAS’

Figure 55. GDP growth (annual %) – Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Chad, Burkina Faso
Based on: GDP growth (annual %) – Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Chad, Burkina Faso. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2023&locations=NE-ML-MR-TD-BF&name_desc=false&start=2015)

Figure 56. Cartoon on the Burkinabè channel Team2Faso website, “There’s nothing better than a blue-white-red partner”
Source: https://team2faso.com

Figure 57. People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov in 1932
Source: Open Data

Figure 58. Number of summits and high-level meetings hosted by member states of the CIS, CSO and CSTO (as of October 2025)
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 59. “AUKUS Timline” (2021-2059)
Source: United States Studies Center (https://www.ussc.edu.au/365-days-of-aukus-progress-challenges-and-prospects)

Figure 60. Open Pool Australian Lightwater Reactor (OPAL)
Source: ANSTO (https://www.ansto.gov.au/facilities/opal-multi-purpose-reactor)

Figure 61. Do you support or oppose Australia using nuclear power to generate electricity, alongside with other sources of energy? (Lowy Institute Poll)
Based: Lowy Institute (https://poll.lowyinstitute.org/charts/australia-using-nuclear-power-to-generate-energy)

Figure 62. HMAS Stirling, Fleet Base West, Garden Island
Source: Decnet (https://decnet.com.au/properties/garden-island-hmas-stirling-fleet-base-west/)

Figure 63. Main Export & Import Partners of Mongolia
Based on: World Bank (https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/79d9affd8ac2ef5571c94a364933c493-0070012024/original/Building-the-Foundations-for-Financial-Sector-Development-in-Mongolia.pdf)

Figure 64. Main Export & Import Products of Mongolia
Based on: World Bank (https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/79d9affd8ac2ef5571c94a364933c493-0070012024/original/Building-the-Foundations-for-Financial-Sector-Development-in-Mongolia.pdf)

Figure 65. Balancing Opportunities and Risks for Russia
Compiled by the author

Figure 66. Possible project portfolio for Russia-Mongolia cooperation
Compiled by the author

Figure 67. Which decades saw the biggest shifts in international hierarchy?
Compiled by the author

Figure 68. How long does it take for a state to transit from one status category to another?
Compiled by the author

Figure 69. What criteria would you say are essential to determine the place of a state in the international hierarchy?
Compiled by the author

Figure 70. The ideological basis and main baskets of the “Community of Common Destiny”
Compiled by PIR Center
Adapted from the data: Semenov A., Tsvyk A. The concept of the “Community of Common Destiny” in China’s foreign policy strategy // World Economy and International Relations. 2019. Vol.63. №8. P.72-81. (in Russ.)
Source: https://www.imemo.ru/index.php?page_id=1248&file=https://www.imemo.ru/files/File/magazines/meimo/08_2019/10-Semenov.pdf

Figure 71. GDP Growth and Outlook: Global, APEC and ROW
Source: APEC website (https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/publications/2025/3/225_psu_arta_march-2025.pdf?sfvrsn=6db33ae2_1)

Figure 72. APEC Putrajaya Vision 2040
Source: CGTN (https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-11-12/APEC-launches-Putrajaya-Vision-2040-implementation-plan-158wKFnApAQ/index.html)

Figure 73. Acute food insecurity trends (2016-2024)
Source: FSIN Platform(https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2025/)

Figure 74. Share of people who approve of the global leadership of the United States in Asia in 2024, by country or territory[1]
Compiled by PIR Center based on Statista (https://www.statista.com/statistics/1480810/asia-approval-global-leadership-us-country/)

Figure 75. Tariffs given for these countries are those on the White House website and are 1% higher than those given by the White House on X[2]. (*Data on the share of U.S. imports have been rounded to create a better chart)[3].
Compiled by PIR Center based on Statista (https://www.statista.com/statistics/1609135/tariffs-trading-partners-share-imports-us/)

Figure 76. Nuclear tests in the Pacific (1946–1996)
Based on open sources

Figure 77. Number of Nuclear Tests in The Pacific (with types of tests), by country
Compiled by PIR Center based on open sources

Figure 78. The Future of World Religions, 2030. Religious Composition, All Countries in the Middle East-North Africa Region (million people)
Compiled by PIR Center based on Pew Research Center (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/)

Figure 79. Major arms imports by the MENA states, 2020–2024 (Three GCC members – Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait – were among the world’s top 10 arms importers in 2020–2024)
Compiled by PIR Center based on SIPRI (https ://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2025/recent-trends-international-arms-transfers-middle-east-and-north-africa)

Figure 80. Final Assessment on Past and Present Outstanding Issues regarding Iran’s Nuclear Programme. Report by the Director General. IAEA. December 2, 2015
Source: IAEA (https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gov-2015-68.pdf)

Figure 81. Solving the Iranian Nuclear Puzzle
Source: An Arms Control Association Briefing Book (https://www.armscontrol.org/files/ACA_Iran_Briefing_Book_2013.pdf)

Figure 82. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Akbar Etemad
Source: open data

Figure 83. President Donald J. Trump is Ending United States Participation in an Unacceptable Iran Deal (May 8, 2018)
Source: Trump / the White House (https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-ending-united-states-participation-unacceptable-iran-deal/)

Figure 84. Nuclear diplomacy with Iran (1992-2002)
Compiled by the author

Figure 85. Nuclear diplomacy with Iran (2003-2005)
Compiled by the author

Figure 86. Nuclear diplomacy with Iran (2006-2012)
Compiled by the author

Figure 87. Nuclear diplomacy with Iran (2013-2016)
Compiled by the author

Figure 88. Nuclear diplomacy with Iran (2017-2021)
Compiled by the author

Figure 89. Nuclear diplomacy with Iran (2022-2023)
Compiled by the author

Figure 90. Nuclear diplomacy with Iran: a Dangerous Absence of a Deal
Compiled by the author

Figure 91. Share of trade relative to global GDP
Compiled by the author based on: World Bank Database (https://data.worldbank.org/)

Figure 92. Number of armed conflicts by category per year
Compiled by the author based on: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#armedconflict)

Figure 93. Basic scenarios for global security
Compiled by the author

Figure 94. Effects of interdependence and internal politics on interstate relations
Compiled by the author

Figure 95. Distribution of the maritime power. Shares of countries in the Index of Maritime Might (IMM-2025), in %
Source: THE IMEMO SEA POWERS’ RANKINGS 2025, p.11 (https://www.imemo.ru/publications/info/morskie-derzhavi-2025-indeksi-imemo-ran)

Figure 96. Elimination of Senior Scientists in the Iranian Nuclear Project
Source: the Jerusalem Post (https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-858406)

Figure 97. China’s New Leaders after the 20th Party Congress (2022)
Source: Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies (https://fairbank.fas.harvard.edu/research/blog/infographic-chinas-new-leaders-after-the-20th-party-congress/)